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Close-up of a An umbrella or parasol is a folding supported by wooden or metal ribs, which is usually mounted on a wooden, metal, or plastic pole. It is designed to protect a person against.
The word 'umbrella' typically refers to a device used for protection from rain. The word parasol usually refers to an item designed to protect from the sun. Often the difference is the material used for the canopy; some parasols are not waterproof. Umbrella canopies may be made of fabric or flexible plastic. There are also combinations of parasol and umbrella that are called en-tout-cas (french for in any case). Umbrellas and parasols are primarily hand-held portable devices sized for personal use.
The largest hand-portable umbrellas are golf umbrellas. Umbrellas can be divided into two categories: fully collapsible umbrellas, in which the metal pole supporting the canopy retracts, making the umbrella small enough to fit in a handbag; and non-collapsible umbrellas, in which the support pole cannot retract and only the canopy can be collapsed. Another distinction can be made between manually operated umbrellas and spring-loaded automatic umbrellas which spring open at the press of a button. Hand-held umbrellas have some type of handle, either a wooden or plastic cylinder or a bent 'crook' handle (like the handle of a cane). Umbrellas are available in a range of price and quality points, ranging from inexpensive, modest quality models sold at to expensive, finely made, models.
Larger parasols capable of blocking the sun for several people are often used as fixed or semi-fixed devices, used with or other, or as points of shade on a sunny beach. The collapsible/folding umbrella, the direct predecessor to the modern umbrella, originated in China. These Chinese umbrellas were internally supported with bendable, retractable, and extendable joints as well as sliding levers similar to those in use today.
Parasols are sometimes called sunshades. An umbrella may also be called a brolly ( UK slang), parapluie ( nineteenth century, French origin), rainshade, gamp ( British, informal, dated), or bumbershoot ( American slang). Man sitting under a beach umbrella The word 'parasol' (Spanish or French) is a combination of para, meaning to stop or to shield, and sol, meaning sun. 'Parapluie' (French) similarly consists of para combined with pluie, which means rain (which in turn derives from pluvia, the Latin word for rain). Hence, a parasol shields from sunlight while a parapluie shields from rain. ( means 'shield from fall'.) The word 'umbrella' evolved from the Latin umbella (an is a flat-topped rounded flower) or umbra, meaning shaded or shadow.
In Britain, umbrellas were sometimes referred to as 'gamps' after the character Mrs. Gamp in the novel, although this usage is now obscure. Gamp's character was well known for carrying an umbrella. Brolly is a word for umbrella, used often in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and Kenya. Bumbershoot is a fanciful from the late 19th century.
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History Ancient China. Paris Street; Rainy Weather, by (1877) In 1769, the Maison Antoine, a store at the Magasin d'Italie on rue Saint-Denis, was the first to offer umbrellas for rent to those caught in downpours, and it became a common practice.
The Lieutenant General of Police of Paris issued regulations for the rental umbrellas; they were made of oiled green silk, and carried a number so they could be found and reclaimed if someone walked off with one. By 1808 there were seven shops making and selling umbrellas in Paris; one shop, on rue des Vielles-Haudriettes, received the first patent given for an invention in France for a new model of umbrella.
By 1813 there were 42 shops; by 1848 there were three hundred seventy-seven small shops making umbrellas in Paris, employing 1400 workers. One of the well-known makers was, which was located at rue Royale 20 from 1880–1939. Another was, based in Lyon.
By the end of the century, however, cheaper manufacturers in the replaced Paris as the centre of umbrella manufacturing, and the town of became the umbrella capital of France. The town still produces about half the umbrellas made in France; the umbrella factories there employ about one hundred workers. A parasol depicted in Morning Walk, by (1888) In 's, Crusoe constructs his own umbrella in imitation of those that he had seen used in Brazil. 'I covered it with skins', he says, 'the hair outwards, so that it cast off the rain like a, and kept off the sun so effectually, that I could walk out in the hottest of the weather with greater advantage than I could before in the coolest.' From this description the original heavy umbrella came to be called 'Robinson' which they retained for many years in England.
Captain, in one of his voyages in the late 18th century, reported seeing some of the natives of the South Pacific Islands with umbrellas made of palm leaves. The use of the umbrella or parasol (though not unknown) was uncommon in England during the earlier half of the eighteenth century, as is evident from the comment made by General (then Lieut.-Colonel), when writing from Paris in 1752; he speaks of the use of umbrellas for protection from the sun and rain, and wonders why a similar practice did not occur in England. About the same time, umbrellas came into general use as people found their value, and got over the shyness natural to its introduction., the founder of the Magdalen Hospital, has the credit of being the first man who ventured to dare public reproach and ridicule by carrying one habitually in London. As he died in 1786, and he is said to have carried an umbrella for thirty years, the date of its first use by him may be set down at about 1750. Relates that in 1770, he used to be addressed as, 'Frenchman, Frenchman!
Why don't you call a coach?' Whenever he went out with his umbrella. By 1788 however they seem to have been accepted: a London newspaper advertises the sale of 'improved and pocket Umbrellas, on steel frames, with every other kind of common Umbrella.' But full acceptance is not complete even today with some considering umbrellas effete. Since then, the umbrella has come into general use, in consequence of numerous improvements. In China people learned how to waterproof their paper umbrellas with wax and lacquer.
The transition to the present portable form is due, partly, to the substitution of silk and gingham for the heavy and troublesome oiled silk, which admitted of the ribs and frames being made much lighter, and also to many ingenious mechanical improvements in the framework. Umbrellas had frames of wood or baleen, but these devices were expensive and hard to fold when wet. Invented the -ribbed umbrella in 1852; however, the mentions metal ribs at the end of the eighteenth century, and they were also on sale in London during the 1780s. Modern designs usually employ a steel trunk; new materials such as, plastic film and often replace the original silk.
Beach parasols in National Umbrella Day is held on 10 February each year around the world. In 1928, Hans Haupt's pocket umbrellas appeared. In Vienna in 1928, a student studying sculpture at the (Academy of Fine Arts), developed a prototype for an improved compact foldable umbrella for which she received a patent on 19 September 1929. The umbrella was called 'Flirt' and manufactured by the Austrian company ' and their German associates '. In Germany, the small foldable umbrellas were produced by the company 'Knirps', which became a synonym in the German language for small foldable umbrellas in general. In 1969, Bradford E Phillips, the owner of of, obtained a patent for his 'working folding umbrella'.
Umbrellas have also been fashioned into as early as 1880 and at least as recently as 1987. Golf umbrellas, one of the largest sizes in common use, are typically around 62 inches (157 cm) across, but can range anywhere from 60 to 70 inches (150 to 180 cm). Umbrellas are now a consumer product with a large global market. As of 2008, most umbrellas worldwide are made in China, mostly in the, and provinces. The city of alone had more than a thousand umbrella factories.
In the US alone, about 33 million umbrellas, worth $348 million, are sold each year. Umbrellas continue to be actively developed. In the US, so many umbrella-related patents are being filed that the employs four full-time examiners to assess them. As of 2008, the office registered 3000 active patents on umbrella-related inventions. Nonetheless, Totes, the largest American umbrella producer, has stopped accepting unsolicited proposals.
Its director of umbrella development was reported as saying that while umbrellas are so ordinary that everyone thinks about them, 'it's difficult to come up with an umbrella idea that hasn’t already been done.' Testing a Senz storm umbrella in, using a high-powered fan While the predominate canopy shape of an umbrella is round, canopy shapes have been streamlined to improve aerodynamic response to wind.
Examples include the stealth-shaped canopy of Rizotti (1996), scoop-shaped canopy of Lisciandro (2004), and teardrop-shaped canopies of Hollinger (2004). In 2005 Gerwin Hoogendoorn, a industrial design student of the in the Netherlands, invented an aerodynamically streamlined storm umbrella (with a similar shape as a ) which can withstand 10 (winds of up to 100 km/h or 70 mp/h) and won't turn inside-out like a regular umbrella as well as being equipped with so-called ‘eyesavers’ which protect others from being accidentally wounded by the tips.
Hoogendoorn's storm umbrella was nominated for and won several design awards and was featured on. The umbrella is sold in Europe as the Senz umbrella and is sold under license by in the United States. Alan Kaufman's 'Nubrella' and Greg Brebner's 'Blunt' are other contemporary designs. Other uses The umbrella is used in weather forecasting as an icon for rain. Two variations, a plain umbrella (☂, U+2602) and an umbrella with raindrops overhead (☔, U+2614), are encoded in the block of. In religious ceremony. From the, As a canopy of state, umbrellas were generally used in southern and eastern Europe, and then passed from the imperial court into church ceremony.
They are found in the ceremonies of the, were borne over the in, and form part of the. Catholic Church The ombrellino or is a historic piece of the. Although the popes no longer use it personally, it is displayed on the of a (the papal arms used between the death of a pope and the election of his successor).
This umbraculum is normally made of alternating red and gold fabric, and is usually displayed in a partially unfolded manner. The popes have traditionally bestowed the use of the umbraculum as a mark of honor upon specific persons and places. The use of an umbraculum is one of the honorary symbols of a and may be used in the basilica's, and carried in processions by the basilica's.
A large umbrella is displayed in each of the, and a who receives his from one of those churches has the privilege of having an umbrella carried over his head in solemn. It is possible that the (wide-brimmed cardinal's hat) may be derived from this umbrella. Beatiano, an Italian, says that 'a vermilion umbrella in a field argent symbolises dominion.' Clergymen lead a procession in celebration of.
The carry ornately covered around the church's exterior, assisted by holding liturgical umbrellas. An umbrella, also known as the umbraculum or ombrellino, is used in Roman Catholic liturgy as well. It is held over the of the and its carrier by a server in short processions taking place indoors, or until the priest is met at the sanctuary entrance by the bearers of the processional canopy or baldacchino. It is regularly white or golden (the colours reserved for the Holy Sacrament) and made of silk. Oriental Orthodox Churches In several, such as the, umbrellas are used liturgically to show honor to a person (such as a ) or a holy object.
In the ceremonies of (Epiphany), priests will carry a model of the, called a, on their heads in procession to a body of water, which will then be blessed. Brightly colored embroidered and fringed liturgical parasols are carried above the Tabota during this procession. Such processions also take place on other major. In photography. Main article: Umbrellas with a reflective inside are used by photographers as a diffusion device when employing artificial lighting, and as a glare shield and shade, most often in portrait situations. Some umbrellas are shoot-through umbrellas, meaning the light goes through the umbrella and is diffused, rather than reflecting off the inside of the umbrella. For protection against attackers In 1838, the Baron instructed readers of his book How to Protect Life and Property in several methods of using an umbrella as an improvised weapon against highwaymen.
In 1897, journalist J. Sullivan proposed the umbrella as a misunderstood weapon in a article for the Ludgate Monthly. Between 1899 and 1902, both umbrellas and as weapons were incorporated into the repertoire of. In January 1902, an article in instructed women on how they could defend themselves from ruffians with an umbrella or parasol. In March 2011, media outlets revealed that French president had started using a £10,000 armor-plated umbrella to protect him from attackers. 'Para Pactum' is a -coated device made by The Real Cherbourg. It will be carried by a member of Sarkozy's security team.
During the, sometimes referred to as the 'Umbrella Revolution', protesters used umbrellas as shields against the and used. As a weapon of attack Incidents. In 1978, Bulgarian dissident writer was killed in London by a dose of injected via a. The is widely believed to have developed a modified umbrella that could deliver a deadly pellet.
In 2005, in a well-known case in, Brian Hahn, associate professor in mathematics and applied mathematics at the, was beaten to death with an umbrella by ex-doctoral student Maleafisha Steve Tladi. In arts and entertainment., in the television series, used an umbrella which was part. In the film (1992), the sports a bullet and gas-firing umbrella. A high-tech bullet-resistant umbrella is used extensively as a weapon in the film (2015), by characters Harry Hart and Eggsy Unwin. In the video game series, one of Kirby's Copy Abilities, called Parasol, has Kirby using a parasol as a weapon. It is also used to slow Kirby's descent when in the air. In architecture.
Pedestrian View of Retractable Umbrellas, Prophet´s Holy Mosque, Medina In the 1950s transformed the universally used individual umbrella into an item of lightweight architecture. He developed a new umbrella form, based on the minimum surface principle. The tension loaded membrane of the funnel-shaped umbrella is now stretched under the compression-loaded bars.
This construction type made it technically and structurally possible to build very large convertible umbrellas. The first umbrellas of this kind (Federal Garden Exhibition, Kassel, 1955) were fixed, Frei Otto constructed the first convertible large umbrellas for the Federal Garden Exhibition in Cologne 1971. In 1978 he built a group of ten convertible umbrellas for British rock group 's American tour. The great beauty of these lightweight structures inspired many subsequent projects built all over the world. The largest convertible umbrellas built until now were designed by and his team at SL-Rasch to provide shelter from sun and rain for the great mosques in Saudi Arabia.